![]() Several different welfare concepts have been developed during the last half decade. To properly assess, safeguard and promote animal welfare, concepts are needed to serve as guidelines in any context the animal is kept in. after accidental or deliberate exposure, Berny et al., 2010 Guitart et al., 2010aGuitart et al.,, 2010b and/or infectious agents Action of internally generated substances such as hormones, enzymes and neurotransmitters long lasting disturbed hormonal balance after neutering (Sundburg et al., 2016 Zwida and Kutzler, 2016) Pathological anxiety (Ohl et al., 2008 (Acute) anxiety (a response to potential danger, Catherall, 2003) (Acute) fear (a response to real danger, Catherall, 2003) Induced molting (Keshavarz and Quimby, 2002).Īnimal welfare is a multifaceted issue that can be approached from different viewpoints, depending on human interests, ethical assumptions, and culture. chronic pain (Viñuela-Fernańdez et al., 2007) decline of cognitive abilities at advanced age (Ranchet et al., 2017) Action of genes (gene mutations/gene defects) (Gough et al., 2018) Effect of selective breeding on appearance, without considering the consequences for the animal's health and welfare (Arman, 2007 McGreevy, 2007 Indrebø, 2008 King et al., 2012) Long-lasting or irreversible consequences after exposure to external teratological, toxic (e.g. Suffering from illness (chronic disease) or permanent physical/psychological impairments, e.g. Ele foi considerado "louco" e ansioso porque agiu violentamente com os homens que procuravam controlá-lo, mantê-lo acorrentado e reduzir seu mundo sensorial, social, físico e emocional. ![]() Pode-se supor que eventos imprevisíveis acabam acontecendo com mais frequência a indivíduos emocionalmente vulneráveis, uma vez que apresentam maior dificuldade em lidar com tal situação, e como consequência, para essas espécies animais, mudam de tutores repetidamente (Ohl et al, 2008).No livro Loucura Animal, Braitman (2014) cita a história de Tip, um elefante asiático com dezoito anos, de circo, condenado à morte em 1894 por conta de seu temperamento explosivo, ressaltando o quão irresponsável e cegos são nossos rótulos. Condições ambientais desfavoráveis ou interações aversivas com membros da mesma espécie ou representantes de espécies diferentes, são provavelmente decisivas para o desenvolvimento da ansiedade(Snitcofsky, 2010).Animais de estimação são frequentemente confrontados com eventos imprevisíveis e incontroláveis importantes da vida, tais como mudanças no grupo social central (por exemplo, crianças saindo de casa, novos membros, divórcio etc.), mudanças em ambiente físico (como mudanças de casa) ou mesmo ambos. A definition is suggested and the potential causes of pathological anxiety are explored with a plea for developing adequate diagnostic tools and therapies to fight pathological anxiety in animals based on insight from scientific research. Moreover, even the term anxiety itself represents a poorly defined concept or category. ![]() This is mainly due to the fact that integrated concepts, combining the behavioural syndrome and (neuro-) physiological processes, are widely lacking. Although several approaches have been undertaken to specify the diagnostic criteria of pathological anxiety as a behavioural disorder in animals, the causal aetiology largely remains unknown. In this review it is proposed that various behavioural dysfunctions in animals are due to pathological anxiety. ![]() However, selection may have an (unintended) impact on other characteristics and may lead to dysfunctional behaviour that can affect biological functioning and, as a consequence, compromise welfare and quality of life. Selective breeding programmes in domestic and laboratory animals generally focus on physiological and/or anatomical characteristics.
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